Upcoming Events
Thursday, 23 March at 12 noon, MSB 1.20
Recipient of the 2022 WMS Postgraduate Supervision Excellence Award, Professor Kathryn Pavlovich will discuss her topic 'Creating a strong PhD programme: What to do: What not to do'.
Past Events and Activities
Dr Joey Soehardjojo from Cardiff Business School presented on the topic ‘Multi-actor
networks and the diffusion of knowledge and management practices.’
This zoom presentation formed part of the ongoing WMS/Cardiff Series, with this session being focused on the topic of Supply Chain Management.
Joey is currently completing his research alongside Professor Rick Delbridge. Joey’s presentation discussed supply chains in Indonesia, with a focus on auto part makers Toyota and Daihatsu.
shared his research as part of the 2022 WMS Academic Seminar series.
His seminar was titled 'Managing Community-Academic Partnerships for Health: Lessons Learnt from Research in the U.S. and in Aotearoa'.
John discussed co-designed and partnered research in a health setting, using literature from a large scale study in the US as well as specific projects in Aotearoa.
Professor Eva Collins gave her professorial lecture on ‘Will business ever be truly sustainable?’
Eva discussed how businesses have engaged with sustainability – sometimes effectively, and sometimes with negative results.
Eva’s research addressed some of the tensions that exist between traditional business models based on continual economic growth, and sustainability concepts focused on the renewal of scarce natural resources.
presented on the topic 'The union default debate: to opt-in or to opt-out?'
Mark discussed the union default, and compared and contrasted the idea of opting-in versus opting-out of a union. This seminar was supported by research that Mark has done, to understand current perspectives of employees towards the opt-in union process, and how employees are currently prevented from exercising a choice, whether it be a choice to opt-in or a choice to opt-out.
International guest speaker Amanda Gore, Founder and CEO of the Centre for Global Advancement, gave a public talk on 'International Money Laundering - is the system working?'
This talk introduced money laundering and how it is combatted at a national and international level. A series of international case studies were examined, along with an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the current anti-money laundering regime. Illicit trade, money laundering through casinos, transnational organised crime and basic money laundering cases were touched on.
, Professor Tim Edwards and Professor Peter Wells, from the Cardiff Business School, presented to WMS staff on the topic 'Why CARBS Matter - Cardiff Business School research highlights.'
This session provided an opportunity to get to know the Business School’s public value strategy, the School’s research environment, and the future direction that they are headed in. This webinar formed part of the WMS Cardiff Series.
presented a public lecture on the topic 'Leadership Development: Myth and Reality - How do we engage in effective leader development in workplaces?'
Peter discussed the journey of the Community and Enterprise Leadership Foundation (CELF), from its founding in 2015 to where it is today; and key insights gathered along the way.
Dr Nirosha Hewa Wellalage and Dr Vijay Kumar, Senior Lecturers in Finance at the University of Waikato, presented on the topic 'The COVID-19 pandemic and firm-financing: Does environmental performance really matter?'
This presentation formed part of the WMS Academic Seminar Series, and discussed whether firms with better environmental performance have outperformed others during the pandemic. To assess this, using data from 11,187 unlisted firms in 16 economies, Dr Wellalage and Dr Kumar examined the relationship between environmental performance and firm debt and equity financing during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Professor Janek Ratnatunga, CEO of the Institute of Certified Management Accounts, presented a seminar discussing the ‘whole-of-life’ costing issues related to plastic production vs. plastic consumption. The energy consumed and the carbon emitted in plastic production was contrasted with the air and water pollution caused by the excessive littering of plastic consumption.
You can watch Janek's presentation recording by clicking here.
, Senior Lecturer in Environmental Economics, presented on the topic recipient 'Insights for agricultural policy design: what we can learn from behavioural and experimental economics'.
Zack presented some of his recent work using the Survey for Rural Decision Makers in 2019 and 2021. He also discussed his publication which featured in Ecological Economics. Additionally, Zack drew on behavioural and experimental economics literature in order to discuss insights surrounding the design of agricultural policy.
João Gama is a Full Professor at the School of Economics, University of Porto, Portugal. Professor João Gama shared his cutting-edge research in artificial intelligence and evolving networks.
Social networks are live entities that exhibit dynamic behavior over time. Phone calls, emails, SMS, etc., define implicit, huge, and high-speed networks.
Professor Gama discusses three case studies and presents open issues and challenges that emerge when analysing high-speed and large networks.
You can watch the presentation recording by clicking here.
Dr Carla Houkamau, University of Auckland, shared her cutting-edge research on the topic 'The Multidimensional Model of Māori Identity and Cultural Engagement / MMM-ICE’.
MMM-ICE responds to the need to expand current paradigms of Māori identity to consider a broader spectrum of dimensions that shape how individuals perceive and experience what it means to be Māori.
By using this psychometric tool, Carla discusses the possibility to identify cohorts within the Māori population who may be at risk of adverse outcomes, differentiate between sub-groups of Māori, and identify where resources need to be allocated for supporting Māori development across various domains.
A recording of this session is available on request, email nzibr@waikato.ac.nz.
In this public seminar, financial crime expert and forensic accountant, Amanda Gore, examined the money flows linked to the trafficking of protected species, illegal logging, fisheries crime and illegal mining.
Environmental concerns have been increasingly in the spotlight, yet a lot of the issues are not well understood. Through a series of case studies Amanda highlighted different legal cases and approaches of how these crimes are being combatted from a financial crime viewpoint. Amanda also examined the role of big corporations, how they are being held accountable and the role and modus operandi of organised crime networks in this race for global resources.
2021 Early Career Researcher award winner Dr Amanda J Williamson presented her topic 'Business strategy in the age of AI: Where artificial intelligence can confer a competitive advantage'.
This public talk is designed for business leaders and will outline how New Zealand organisations can survive and thrive amidst AI-driven change.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and technological advancements are driving rapid change. World-leading organisations now employ AI in most parts of their value chain to reduce costs and improve decision-making, processes, products and services. New Zealand organisations that do not have an AI strategy and are slow to adopt AI, may quickly become obsolete and irrelevant. In this seminar, Dr Williamson outlines the opportunities that AI presents for businesses, and how leaders can commence harnessing the value of AI.
This one-hour seminar is designed for managers and business leaders. By the end of the hour, attendees should have an understanding of:
- How AI can (and cannot) help businesses today.
- Where to begin with an AI-driven strategy
To view the seminar recording, click here.
is a senior lecturer in Supply Chain Management at the University of Waikato. Her research focuses on logistics operations in the aftermath of a disaster.
Natural hazards disrupt pre-existing transport networks and the deliveries of goods needed by businesses and individuals. When the infrastructure damage is significant, re-establishing critical connections may not be an option in the short term. To ensure the continuity of their supply chains, businesses need to swiftly adjust their freight operations across routes and transport modes.
Since New Zealand is prone to natural hazards, supply chain disruptions are to be expected. It is not a question of if, but when. However, little is known about the ability of the New Zealand freight system to adapt and recover when parts of the transport network fail.
On the 18th November 2021, Cécile presented her recent qualitative research work investigating the freight disruptions caused by the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake and the subsequent implementation of alternative transport arrangements.
The workshop was coordinated by Shane Stuart, Innovation Manager Bay of Plenty, which is a joint position between the University and Priority One (the economic development organisation for Tauranga and the Western Bay of Plenty). Those who attended were most relevant to people who are active in research relating to the horticulture and aquaculture sectors, and with Bay of Plenty stakeholders.
The proposed unit has the working title of ‘Blue/Green Nexus’ and would be focussed on research and related activity supporting high value solutions in horticulture and aquaculture industries, environments and value chains.
is a Senior Lecturer in Supply Chain Management at Waikato Management School and her research focuses on the resilience of national and global supply chain systems and how these systems affect quality of life and equity within communities.
To create industry-relevant graduates, it is essential to connect our teaching practice to real life scenarios. Using case studies is one way of doing that. There is no shortage of case study material out there, but there are at least two benefits in publishing and using case studies that have been homegrown in the Waikato Management School.
Firstly, as educators we are more connected to the cases we were involved in and can teach with more authority from that position. We also have the opportunity to customise case studies that achieve our specific learning objectives instead of retrofitting someone else's case study.
Secondly, publishing case studies on widely accessed platforms is a fantastic way to market our school's connection with industry.
In this session, Dr Trent presented the process she and Dr Cécile L'Hermitte have gone through to create and use a homegrown case study that spans both supply chain strategy and humanitarian logistics. So far, they have used the case study in an MBA paper and are now working on a draft to send to SAGE Business Cases for publication.
On Wednesday, 29 September 2021, Professor Paul Griffiths - EM Normandie Business School gave an online presentation of the Principles for Responsible Banking (PRB) showcasing how blockchain could contribute to achieving their implementation.
Main findings shed light on the importance of transparency, trust and the involvement of all stakeholders for the implementation of Blockchain solutions within banks. However, some barriers are raised such as the energy consumption of Blockchain, the misunderstanding and need for education on this disruptive technology, and the quality of data.
On the 5th August 2021, commemorating his Early Career Researcher award, Yang Hu gave public lecture on his current research titled ‘Strange Times in Financial Markets: Covid-19, Cryptocurrencies and Negative Oil Futures Prices’.
As part of a research team, Dr Hu has examined the role of cryptocurrency as a safe-haven during the Covid-19 pandemic, when large capital value cryptocurrencies acted as a store of value during this period of exceptional financial market stress. More recently, the research team also investigated the behaviour of Elon Musk in relation to the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. Their research shows that Elon Musk’s tweets significantly affected the stability and volatility of Dogecoin.
The University of Waikato hosted an inspirational evening of discussion around the theme of sustainable citizenship, led by two of our leading professors, Debashish Munshi (Waikato Management School) and Priya Kurian (School of Social Sciences).
Featuring their latest books , Public Relations and Sustainable Citizenship: Representing the Unrepresented' (2021), and Climate Futures: Re-imagining Global Climate Justice' (2019), the evening re-imagined public relations as an "instrument of sustainable citizenship" by outlining how resistance movements seek to change the status quo of a world that is increasingly defined by exploitation, overconsumption, sectarianism, and faux nationalism.
Following the talk, an interactive panel discussion featuring guest speakers Heather Claycomb, director of the public relations firm HMC Communications, Sandy Morrison, Acting Dean of the Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies, Jennifer Nickel, an elected Waikato Regional Councillor, who chairs the council's climate action committee, and Kemi Hughes, who is completing her PhD in climate change law and sustainable development.
On the 19th November 2020, Amanda J. Williamson presented her latest research in AI which can help illuminate change in meaning and perceptions. In this presentation, Amanda introduced an AI approach (word embeddings) that captures meaning in large volumes of text data, and shared preliminary results on how “entrepreneurship” has changed over 20 years in five countries (NZ, USA, CA, AU, IE, UK). These results indicate that gender bias in language is reducing in relation to entrepreneurship. Moreover, entrepreneurship’s association with other words is shifting over time. Entrepreneurship is moving away from government and complexity, and towards social words and crowdfunding. Finally, the language surrounding entrepreneurship differs between countries
You can watch the presentation recording by clicking here.
On the 22nd October 2020, Jonathan M. Scott discussed the effectiveness of engaged scholarship approaches and how this process enables management scholars to engage with small businesses and entrepreneurs. The effectiveness of this approach was discussed by address two key questions, namely how do universities (or business schools) engage with small firms and secondly, what are the implications of such engagement for their business?
On the 15th October 2020 a one-hour interactive workshop was initiated between NZIBR and Environmental Research Institute. Cross-disciplinary researchers from WMS and ERI enjoyed the opportunity to collaborate and discuss their research and research interests in what was a fast-paced, energetic event!
On 8th October 2020, Dr Antoine Gilbert-Saad discussed ways think-aloud protocols provide a validated approach to elicit verbal reports that capture a participant’s thoughts, actions, and feelings.
Antoine introduced the method and its development, presented potential applications, and familiarised participants with the steps involved in the process. An interesting example was used where a participant was observed on peeling an apple and actions verbalised. If you would like a copy of the presentation slides, email amanda.wilson@waikato.ac.nz.
On the 10th September 2020, WMS Lecturer in Digital Business, Dr Shivendu Pratap Singh gave a a compelling talk on Product market competition, platform business model and firm performance.
He focused on the impact of product market volatility on firms’ performance and explore the platform business model as a strategic business choice to avoid/mitigate such effects. He also discussed how firms adopting the platform business model, as part of their business strategy, not only perform better overall but also mitigate the adverse effects of product volatility better. To view his presentation slides, click here.
On the 11th August, Academics from the Department of Computer Science and WMS took part in a half-day workshop hosted by NZIBR and TEC Entrepreneurial Universities Initiative: Real-Time Analytics of Big Data?
The purpose of this workshop is to create a networking platform and partnership on a research programme funded by TEC: Entrepreneurial Universities.
Professor Bernhard Pfahringer and Professor Albert Bifet from Computer Science, gave interesting presentations on Machine Learning technology, Big Data and AI applications in management. This was followed by group discussions around data decision making and culture and how AI is applied to human behaviour and environment sustainability.
Waikato Management School and the New Zealand Institute for Business Research provided an outstanding opportunity for scholars across a range of disciplines who are interested in utilising text data, with two very engaging scholars, Professor Jeremy Short (University of Oklahoma) and Assistant Professor Aaron Anglin (Texas Christian University).
The objective of this workshop was to demonstrate how to practically and rigorously extract meaning from text using the Computer-aided Text (CATA) method applied to management research.
This event was well received and participants traveled from across the country to attend.
Professor Gregor Gall presented two research topics. His first presentation ‘Sex Workers: The struggle to establish collective identity and interest’ centred on the importance of unionising and decriminalising workers. His second presentation ‘The Torrid Troika: The importance of studying power, ideology and material interest in work and employment’ was also well received.
Professor Douglas West who is a recipient of the Waikato Management School Visitors Fund, presented ‘The Boundaries of Professional Expertise in Advertising and Marketing’. From a professional perspective the findings suggest that organisations would save resources (principally time and budget) by delegating selective tasks to junior executives
Professor Tomas Falk, Professor of Marketing, University of Mannheim, conducted a well-received presentation “Buying to share: How peer-to-peer asset sharing services promote product purchase” at Waikato Management School. His research presented positive links on how peer-to-peer asset sharing services promote and influence product purchase. He argued that people share houses so why not other commodities such as vehicles? Retailers may in future need to reevaluate their message and incorporate peer-to-peer selling as part of their product campaign.
Professor Falk was hosted by Professor Siggi Gudergan, Co-Director of NZIBR Enterprise and Innovation Unit
On February 3 2020, NZIBR hosted a delegation from Project Promotion Office for Development of High- Value Added Materials and Technologies from Waste and Renewable Resources in Circular Economy, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan to explore research collaboration opportunities related to the circular economy.
The meeting was held at Waikato Management School, hosted by the University’s Āmiomio Aotearoa (Circular Economy) research team, and several discussions were held around high value products from waste recycling, key materials and techniques for circular process.
Professor Brad Jackson from Griffith University, Australia, facilitated an breakfast seminar on Friday, 13 December 2019.
In this highly interactive seminar, Brad outlined the concept of ‘Good Dividends’, a theory of business that re-examines what we mean by value.
Rather than highlighting issues of sustainability to limit harm (and growth) and try to persuade business to do some good, the regenerative system of Good Dividends seeks to redefine growth by integrating communities, societies and environments as sources of capital from which a dividend can be yielded as part of value generation
Professor Jan Fisch, Research Fellow at the University of Waikato, facilitated several interactive sessions with university staff and Phd students including an academic talk held on 10 December followed by a half-day workshop on 11 December 2019.
The main objective of these sessions was to provide hands-on feedback and suggestions on research that is in progress. This included works at various stages of development, starting with a research proposal or idea and moving to dealing with reviewer comments for papers that are under review at journals.
On 25 November 2019, NZIBR in conjunction with the Leadership Unit, welcomed Inspector Freda Grace from NZ Police. Inspector Grace shared the challenges she faced as a young female police officer and how she is today the only woman in an Armed Offenders Squad (AOS) in New Zealand.
On the 25 November 2019, Dr Lucy Hone, author of several books and articles on resilience, including What Abi Taught Us (2016), is well known for fusing her first-hand experience of trauma, loss and resilience with the strategies and tools coming from her research.
In the second half of presentation, Lucy takes on an ecological model approach for wellbeing and shared shared indepth experiences in promoting wellbeing at the personal, team and organisational level.
Dr Hone's Ted Talk can be viewed here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWH8N-BvhAw
On 6th November 2019, WMS Senior Lecturer in Digital Business, Dr Gohar Khan, demonstrated how product sales are influenced by the network effect of the “like” button on social media and why the Network Externality Approach is such a valuable marketing phenomenon.
Khan used his own published paperback to test his hypothesis and closely monitored brand exposure and sales return over a three-month period. His study found that discrete advertising lead to lower social and network gains, but higher monetary returns and social advertising produce higher social and network capital, but low monetary returns.
Between 15 – 31 October 2019, Adjunct Professor Martin Wetzels visited the University of Waikato and facilitated the following programmes during his stay:
- Academic Presentation ‘Cutting through content clutter: How speech and image acts drive consumer sharing of social media brand messages’ on Tuesday afternoon, 15 October.
- Practitioner Talk ‘Changing the marking narrative: A story of digital disruptions’ on Tuesday evening, 15 October.
- A Two-day Training Workshop ‘R-Workshop: Step-by-step’. The main objective was introducing participants to key data analysis techniques and forming an essential part of a PhD training, several management positions and research-oriented jobs
Discussions were held around the impact of of digital disruption on the marketing narrative, using insights obtained from big data analytics. He will also explain what this means for both practitioners and academics alike.
“What kind of data is out there, and how can we best analyse it? It’s exciting to see how people can take text, video, pictures and voice data and combine it into a comprehensive dashboard of what is going on," says Dr Wetzels.
Customers' influence is growing, but they are also giving away a lot of valuable information about themselves. Marketing practitioners need powerful new data mining and analytics tools to provide them with fresh, actionable insights into user generated content
Professor Wetzels outcomes were well received
WMS welcomed world-renowned marketing expert Professor Ajay Kohli in September 2019.
Dr Kohli’ began his visit with a one-hour Practitioner Talk ‘Customer Centricity in a Digital World’ at the University of Waikato’s Management School. This work has made Dr Kohli one of the worlds most cited experts in marketing research, as well as being among the world’s 100 most cited authors in business and economics.
Following the Practitioner Talk Dr Kohli conducted a full-day workshop, which was attended by staff and students from across New Zealand. The workshop comprised of two parts namely an interactive lecture-discussion and ‘learn by doing’.
Dr Kohli’s award-winning research has revolutionised the field of marketing by elevating the importance of customer orientation from sales tactic to the boardroom level, ensuring that customers’ needs are placed at the very heart of an organisation’s brand and strategy.
On the 28th August Suzette, Fiona and Heather showcased three experiential learning exercises designed to help students learn and reflect on some of the techniques required for managing their careers.
One of the exercises required attendees to write down their definition of ‘career’ and then draw an illustration on how they perceived their career. Attendees then discussed their career definitions and considered how their illustrations depict family and community responsibility, potential career breaks, interest and skill development and leisure time activities.
These learnings highlight that good career management practice is a holistic process that cannot be achieved through ad-hoc, one-off interventions and it was only after redeveloping the course HRM students could gain better understanding practice, management and impact of career development.
On the 22nd July, Dr Geeta Duppati examined the effects of institutional investor ownership (IIO) on innovation, and provided evidence from OECD and emerging nations.
This study extends prior literature by investigating two interrelated research questions. Dr Duppati first investigated whether IIO influences firm innovation and second, whether the stage of economic development influenced the effects of IIO on innovation. The results suggest that monitoring by institutional investors can act as an important mechanism to promote firm innovation
On 4th June, Dr Amanda J Williamson gave a compelling presentation on why innovative behaviour at the individual level is critical for entrepreneurship and innovation, yet little is known about why and when an individual is more (or less) innovative.
In this presentation Dr Williamson elucidated the interesting yet oft-overlooked role that sleep has on innovative behaviour. Empirical research was presented which examined this relationship. The findings of which illustrate that entrepreneurs’ day-level innovative behavior is susceptible to significant fluctuation and that sleep as a resource renewal activity plays a key role in influencing entrepreneurs' innovative behaviours. To read Amanda's study and findings, click here.
Responsible and Sustainable Management Unit visiting scholar, Céline Louche, provided a powerful debate in The Conversation on principles that drive financial markets emphasize short-term profits at the cost of long-term benefits:
Awareness and concern over climate change and its impacts has risen sharply in recent years. According to a December 2018 survey by Yale University, 73 percent of Americansnow say that global warming is real, up 10 percentage points in just three years. Investors have followed, with more than 525 with assets above US$96 trillion signing the United Principles for Responsible Investment (UN PRI). It now has nearly 2,000 signatories, with 74% of the asset owners and 62% of the investment managers considering climate change a long-term threat.
To read the full article, click here.
On the 14 May, Dr Shivendu Singh gave an informative presentation advising why firms should use external ideas and the effect of open source engagement on financial performance. Dr Singh explained that firms that have a strategic involvement on open innovation have better overall financial perfomance compared to no involvement.
If you would like a copy of Dr Singh's presentation please email amanda.wilson@waikato.ac.nz
Waikato Management School and the New Zealand Institute for Business Research hosted the inaugural 2019 Future of Work Conference on 15 April 2019. This future- focused event brought together leading academics and industry leaders who presented their views on the future of work in New Zealand and the global workforce changes driven by demographics, innovation, disruption and technology.
Former president of Unilever Europe and current CEO of Avon International Jan Zijderveld (2018 Distinguished Alumni) headed the line-up for this one-day conference. Jan’s presentation was well received by all who attended and you can view his presentation here.
Peter Sun, who played a significant role in the planning of NZIBR’s Future of Work, was interviewed by Waikato Times prior to the the conference as well as by Seven Sharp at the conference. Peter shared his thoughts on why paying OE’s and incorporating four-day working weeks will retain millennials and how these changing ethics can push businesses to adopt new structures and trends.
Both interviews are listed here:
On April 10th, Associate Professor Joanna Scott-Kennel and WMS hosted an International Business Workshop. The purpose of this workshop was to promote research and collaboration between academics and PhD students in the field of international business.
Around 30 participants from universities all over New Zealand attended, as well as guest speakers from universities in Sweden and New Zealand.
The workshop kicked off by providing an update on recent developments in international business research and teaching at participating universities. Participants engaged in a roundtable discussion of their own current research. The workshop also featured several international recognised guest speakers:
- Professor Sylvie Chetty (Uppsala University, Sweden) – 1.10pmTopic: Building on previous research to create new research in international business
- Professor Snejina Michailova (University of Auckland) – 1.45pm Topic: Working with theory
- Professor Peter Enderwick (Auckland University of Technology) – 2.20pm Topic: Global factory governance: Coordination mechanisms and mode switching
On April 9 2019, Dr Nirosha Hewa Wellalage gave a seminar presentation on the Effect of Petty Corruption on Firm-Level Innovation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Her abstract proposes bribery is a rational strategic response of micro-, small and medium enterprise innovators, compensating for the lack of kinship or political affiliations, and hedging against political risk.
Larger corporations exploit political affiliations; smaller firms use bribery at the level of lower officials, compensating for lack of property rights, rule of law and an effective judiciary. Analysis of World Bank Surveys, for South American countries, using propensity score matching indicates the determinants of the corruption–innovation relationship has a positive correlation between bribery and innovation. Although the corruption is less damaging, it is a pervasive obstacle to economic development. Strong regulations can overcome this obstacle, as corruption only works in weak institutional structures.
On March 6th 2019, four experts were invited to speak, on the subject of wellbeing from their chosen perspective. Following each of the invited presentations, small group discussions were held during which questions and issues were raised. This paper first sets out the key points of the presentations, and the group reactions.
The purpose of the day was to bring together a diverse group of thought leaders to begin to identify areas of expertise, concern and interest that might be picked up and further explored.
To read the full summary, click here
Professor Frank Scrimgeour and Dr. Warren Hughes presented ‘The Fieldays™ 2017 Economic Impact Report’ at a function at the Mystery Creek Events Centre on 3rd October 2017. The report was prepared by consulting economist Dr Warren Hughes and the New Zealand Institute for Business Research
The report prepared by Professor Frank Scrimgeour, Dr. Warren Hughes and Vijay Kumar on economic contribution of kiwifruit industry was released in Parliament on 27th June 2017. Professor Frank Scrimgeour presented the results.
The report prepared by Professor Frank Scrimgeour, Vijay Kumar and Glenn Weenink completed a study on Investment in Covenanted Land Conservation for Queen Elizabeth the Second (QEII) National Trust. QEII National Trust released the report in Parliament as a part of its 40th anniversary in 2017. Professor Frank Scrimgeour